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Introduction to Networking Elementary Terminology of Networks History (Development) of Computer Networks Advantages of Computer Networks Disadvantages of Computer Networks Applications & Uses of Networks ARPANET Internet

Data Communication Data Communication Component Data Transmission Modes Types of Connections Analog Transmission Digital Transmission

Transmission Media Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber Wireless Communication Radio waves Microwave Infrared

Types of Computer Networks Personal Area Network Local area networks Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network Type of Network on the term purpose

Computer Network topologies Bus Topology Ring Topology Star Topology Mesh Topology Tree Topology Hybrid Topology

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Wireless or Mobile Computing Evolution of mobile communication systems Second Generation Networks Third Generation Networks Fourth & Fifth Generation Networks Wireless Transmission Protocols Multiple Access Techniques Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access Space Division Multiple Access

» Computer Network Model » Layered Tasks » The OSI Model » Physical Layer » Data Link Layer » Network Layer » Transport Layer » Session Layer » Presentation Layer » Application Layer » TCP/IP Reference Model

Medium Access Methods ALOHA Slotted ALOHA CSMA CSMA / CD Collision-Free Protocols

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TCP/IP Reference Model

The TCP/IP reference model was developed prior to OSI model. The major design goals of this model were, Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite, also known as Internet suite. This defines Internet Model which contains four layered architecture. OSI Model is general communication model but Internet Model is what the internet uses for all its communication. The internet is independent of its underlying network architecture so is its Model.
This model has the following layers :
1. To connect multiple networks together so that they appear as a single network.
2. To survive after partial subnet hardware failures.
3. To provide a flexible architecture.

Unlike OSI reference model, TCP/IP reference model has only 4 layers :
1. Host-to-Network Layer
2. Internet Layer
3. Transport Layer
4. Application Layer

Host-to-Network Layer

The TCP/IP reference model does not really say much about what happens here, except to point out that the host has to connect to the network using some protocol so it can send IP packets to it. This protocol is not defined and varies from host to host and network to network.

Internet Layer

This layer, called the internet layer, is the linchpin that holds the whole architecture together. Its job is to permit hosts to inject packets into any network and have they travel independently to the destination (potentially on a different network). They may even arrive in a different order than they were sent, in which case it is the job of higher layers to rearrange them, if in-order delivery is desired. Note that ''internet'' is used here in a generic sense, even though this layer is present in the Internet.

The internet layer defines an official packet format and protocol called IP (Internet Protocol). The job of the internet layer is to deliver IP packets where they are supposed to go. Packet routing is clearly the major issue here, as is avoiding congestion. For these reasons, it is reasonable to say that the TCP/IP internet layer is similar in functionality to the OSI network layer. Fig. shows this correspondence.

The Transport Layer

The layer above the internet layer in the TCP/IP model is now usually called the transport layer. It is designed to allow peer entities on the source and destination hosts to carry on a conversation, just as in the OSI transport layer. Two end-to-end transport protocols have been defined here. The first one, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that allows a byte stream originating on one machine to be delivered without error on any other machine in the internet. It fragments the incoming byte stream into discrete messages and passes each one on to the internet layer. At the destination, the receiving TCP process reassembles the received messages into the output stream. TCP also handles flow control to make sure a fast sender cannot swamp a slow receiver with more messages than it can handle.

The Application Layer

The TCP/IP model does not have session or presentation layers. On top of the transport layer is the application layer. It contains all the higher-level protocols. The early ones included virtual terminal (TELNET), file transfer (FTP), and electronic mail (SMTP), as shown in Fig.6.2. The virtual terminal protocol allows a user on one machine to log onto a distant machine and work there. The file transfer protocol provides a way to move data efficiently from one machine to another. Electronic mail was originally just a kind of file transfer, but later a specialized protocol (SMTP) was developed for it. Many other protocols have been added to these over the years: the Domain Name System (DNS) for mapping host names onto their network addresses, NNTP, the protocol for moving USENET news articles around, and HTTP, the protocol for fetching pages on the World Wide Web, and many others.

Relation between OSI & TCP/IP Model

Computer Network

TCP/IP Reference Model