Computer Fundamental

Computer Tutorial

Introduction to Computer What is Computer Component of computer Characteristics of computer Application of computer Advantages of computer Disadvantages of computer Computer hardware Computer software

» Generation of Computer » First Generation of Computer » Second Generation of Computer » Third Generation of Computer » Fourth Generation of Computer » Fifth Generation of Computer

Types of Computer According to functionality On the basis of Size Microcomputers Computer Minicomputers Computer Mainframe Computer Supercomputer Computer On the basis of Purpose

Component of Computer Input-Process-Output Concept Computer Hardware Computer Software Data, Information and Knowledge

Central Processing Unit ALU & CU CPU Registers Motherboard Ports and Interfaces Processor Types of Processors

Input devices Keyboard Mouse TrackBall Joystick Digitizing Tablet Light Pen Touch Screen Audio Input Device Vidio Input Device Scanner Optical Input Devices

Output devices Monitor Audio system Printer Plotter Projector

Computer Memory Memory Representation Memory Hierarchy CPU Registers Cache Memory Primary memory Random Access Memory Read Only Memory Data Access Methods Secondary Memory Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Hard Disk Floppy Disk Zip Disk Optical Disk CD-ROM Recordable Optical Disk Differences between Primary and Secondary Memory

Computer Ports Serial Ports Parallel Ports PS/2 port USB Port VGA Port DVI Port Ethernet Port

Computer Software System Software Operating System Device Driver System Utilities Application software

Programming Language Machine Language Assembly Language High-level Language Translator Software Difference Between a Compiler and An Interpreter Linker & Loader

Flow Chart Flow Chart Symbols Rules For Drawing Flowcharts How to draw flowchart Types of Flowcharts

Number System Kinds of Number Systems Converting Decimal Integer to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Converting Decimal Integer Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary Binary Arithmetic Complement of Binary Numbers Binary Data Representation Binary Coding Schemes

Operating System Types of OS Functions of OS Process Management CPU Scheduling Process Synchronization Memory Management File Management Device Management

DOS OS & Commands Physical Structure of Disk Function of DOS Types of file system Internal commands External commands

Computer Network Data Transmission Media & Modes Guided Media Unguided Media Network Types LAN Topologies Network Devices

Internet Internet Architecture Internet Address World Wide Web Web Browser Internet Search Engines Electronic Mail Uses of Internet

MCQ on Fundamental of Computer

First Generation of Computer

First Generation of Computer ( 1940 to 1956 )

The first generation computers used a large number of vacuum tubes and thus generated a lot of heat. They consumed a great deal of electricity and were expensive to operate. The machines were prone to frequent malfunctioning and required constant maintenance. Since first generation computers used machine language, they were difficult to program.

Hardware Technology

The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. The input to the computer was through punched cards and paper tapes. The output was displayed as printouts.

Vacuum Tube

Software Technology

The instructions were written in machine language. Machine language uses 0s and 1s for coding of the instructions. The first generation computers could solve one problem at a time.

Computing Characteristics

The computation time was in milliseconds.

Physical Appearance

These computers were enormous in size and required a large room for installation.

Application

They were used for scientific applications as they were the fastest computing device of their time.

Examples

» UNIVersal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
» Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC)
» Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)

First Generation Computer

Advantages of First Generation of Computer

» Vacuum tubes were used as electronic component.
» Electronic digital computers were developed for the first time.
» These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
» Computations were performed in millisecond.

Disadvantages of First Generation of Computer

» Too large in size.
» They were unreliable.
» Induce a large amount of heat due to the vacuum tubes.
» Not portable.
» Limited commercial use.

Other Generation of compter are

» Second Generation of Computer (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors
» Third Generation of Computer (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits
» Fourth Generation of Computer (1971 to present): Using Microprocessors
» Fifth Generation of Computer (Present and Next): Using Artificial Intelligence