Computer Fundamental

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Introduction to Computer What is Computer Component of computer Characteristics of computer Application of computer Advantages of computer Disadvantages of computer Computer hardware Computer software

Generation of Computer First Generation of Computer Second Generation of Computer Third Generation of Computer Fourth Generation of Computer Fifth Generation of Computer

Types of Computer According to functionality On the basis of Size Microcomputers Computer Minicomputers Computer Mainframe Computer Supercomputer Computer On the basis of Purpose

Component of Computer Input-Process-Output Concept Computer Hardware Computer Software Data, Information and Knowledge

Central Processing Unit ALU & CU CPU Registers Motherboard Ports and Interfaces Processor Types of Processors

Input devices Keyboard Mouse TrackBall Joystick Digitizing Tablet Light Pen Touch Screen Audio Input Device Vidio Input Device Scanner Optical Input Devices

Output devices Monitor Audio system Printer Plotter Projector

Computer Memory Memory Representation Memory Hierarchy CPU Registers Cache Memory Primary memory Random Access Memory Read Only Memory Data Access Methods Secondary Memory Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Hard Disk Floppy Disk Zip Disk Optical Disk CD-ROM Recordable Optical Disk Differences between Primary and Secondary Memory

Computer Ports Serial Ports Parallel Ports PS/2 port USB Port VGA Port DVI Port Ethernet Port

Computer Software System Software Operating System Device Driver System Utilities Application software

» Programming Language » Machine Language » Assembly Language » High-level Language » Translator Software » Difference Between a Compiler and An Interpreter » Linker & Loader

Flow Chart Flow Chart Symbols Rules For Drawing Flowcharts How to draw flowchart Types of Flowcharts

Number System Kinds of Number Systems Converting Decimal Integer to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Converting Decimal Integer Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary Binary Arithmetic Complement of Binary Numbers Binary Data Representation Binary Coding Schemes

Operating System Types of OS Functions of OS Process Management CPU Scheduling Process Synchronization Memory Management File Management Device Management

DOS OS & Commands Physical Structure of Disk Function of DOS Types of file system Internal commands External commands

Computer Network Data Transmission Media & Modes Guided Media Unguided Media Network Types LAN Topologies Network Devices

Internet Internet Architecture Internet Address World Wide Web Web Browser Internet Search Engines Electronic Mail Uses of Internet

MCQ on Fundamental of Computer

Programming Language

Programming Language

A Programming Language consists of a set of vocabulary and grammatical rules, to express the computations and tasks that the computer has to perform. Programming languages are used to write a program, which controls the behavior of computer, codify the algorithms precisely, or enables the human-computer interface. Each language has a unique set of keywords (words that it understands) and a special syntax for organizing program instructions. The programming language should be understood, both by the programmer (who is writing the program) and the computer. A computer understands the language of 0∙s and 1∙s, while the programmer is more comfortable with English-like language. Programming Language usually refers to high-level languages like COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, C, C++, Java etc.

Programming languages fall into three categories

• Machine Language
It is what the computer can understand but it is difficult for the programmer to understand. Machine languages consist of numbers only. Each kind of CPU has its own unique machine language.
• Assembly Language
It is falls in between machine language and high-level language. They are similar to machine language, but easier to program in, because they allow the programmer to substitute names for numbers.
• High-level Language
It is easier to understand and use for the programmer but difficult for the computer.
Regardless of the programming language used, the program needs to be converted into machine language so that the computer can understand it. In order to do this a program is either compiled or interpreted.

Programming languages

The choice of programming language for writing a program depends on the functionality required from the program and the kind of program to be written. Machine languages and assembly languages are also called low-level languages, and are generally used to write the system software. Application software is usually written in high-level languages. The program written in a programming language is also called the source code.

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