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Generation of Computer First Generation of Computer Second Generation of Computer Third Generation of Computer Fourth Generation of Computer Fifth Generation of Computer

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Component of Computer Input-Process-Output Concept Computer Hardware Computer Software Data, Information and Knowledge

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Input devices Keyboard Mouse TrackBall Joystick Digitizing Tablet Light Pen Touch Screen Audio Input Device Vidio Input Device Scanner Optical Input Devices

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Computer Memory Memory Representation Memory Hierarchy CPU Registers Cache Memory Primary memory Random Access Memory Read Only Memory Data Access Methods Secondary Memory Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk Hard Disk Floppy Disk Zip Disk Optical Disk CD-ROM Recordable Optical Disk Differences between Primary and Secondary Memory

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» Programming Language » Machine Language » Assembly Language » High-level Language » Translator Software » Difference Between a Compiler and An Interpreter » Linker & Loader

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Number System Kinds of Number Systems Converting Decimal Integer to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Converting Decimal Integer Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary Binary Arithmetic Complement of Binary Numbers Binary Data Representation Binary Coding Schemes

Operating System Types of OS Functions of OS Process Management CPU Scheduling Process Synchronization Memory Management File Management Device Management

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Computer Network Data Transmission Media & Modes Guided Media Unguided Media Network Types LAN Topologies Network Devices

Internet Internet Architecture Internet Address World Wide Web Web Browser Internet Search Engines Electronic Mail Uses of Internet

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Linker & Loader

Linker & Loader

Linker

Linker is a program that links several object modules and libraries to a single executable program. A source code of a program is often very large consisting of several hundred or more lines. The source code may also include reference to libraries. All these independent modules may not be stored in a single object file. The code is broken down into many independent modules for easy debugging and maintenance. Before execution of the program, these modules and the required libraries are linked together using the linker software. The compiled and the linked program are called the executable code.

Loader

The loader software is used to load and re-locate the executable program in the main memory. Software has to be loaded into the main memory during execution. Loader assigns storage space to the program in the main memory for execution. The working of a Java Runtime Environment (JRE). The java source file Sample.java is compiled and converted into a set of bytecodes and are stored in Sample.class file. At runtime, the class loader loads the bytecodes from the hard disk, checks it, and runs it in an interpreter. The interpreter executes the bytecode and makes calls to the underlying hardware

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